Iodine is an essential mineral necessary in the production of thyroid hormones which regulate and control the body’s metabolism, among other functions. Since it cannot be produced by the body, it is important that enough is obtained from the diet. Aside from goiter, inadequate intake may cause other Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs) such as hyperthyroidism and cretinism. Adequate intake is especially important in pregnant women because of the role of iodine in the development of the fetal brain and nervous system. Deficiencies may result in mental retardation in infants and young children.
Goiter is the most common manifestation of iodine deficiency. It is the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland and may be characterized by a swelling at the base of the neck, coughing, difficulty swallowing and difficulty breathing. While there are several factors that may contribute to the development of goiter, studies show that iodine deficiency is the leading cause of goiter cases worldwide.
Goiter and other IDDs may be prevented by including iodine-rich food in our diet such as saltwater fishes, shellfish such as shrimp, seaweeds, and dairy products such as milk, yogurt, and cheese. A more practical way to get iodine from our daily diet is through the regular use of iodized salt. However, excessive salt intake may result in adverse health outcomes such as increased blood pressure and increased risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary heart attack. The World Health Organization recommends a salt intake of less than 5 grams or 1 teaspoon per day for adults.
As one of the government’s efforts to raise awareness on the effects, prevention, and treatment of IDDs, Goiter Awareness Week (GAW) is observed every fourth week of January as declared in Presidential Proclamation No. 1188, s. 2006. This year, GAW follows the theme “Goiter Sugpuin, Isip Patalinuhin, Iodized Salt Gamitin.” In addition to this, RA 8172 known as An Act for Salt Iodization Nationwide or ASIN Law was signed in 1995 to address the country’s iodine deficiency problem. ASIN Law requires producers and manufacturers to iodize food-grade salt and encourages the public to use iodized salt to combat IDDs.
Results of the 2018 Expanded National Nutrition Survey revealed that the prevalence rates of IDDs have significantly decreased over the last five years. The prevalence of IDDs were significantly lower in 2018 than in 2013 among school children (11.5% vs. 16.4%), pregnant women (20.2% vs. 27.0%), lactating women (21.2% vs. 33.1%), and older adults (23.3% vs. 33.8%).
To prevent goiter and other IDDs, the public must continually be educated and informed about the importance of iodine in the diet. More than this, let us follow the 7th Kumainment: “Gumamit ng iodized salt”! (RGRG/NPC MEVF/NNC-NCR)
